Thermal detector, thermal detection device, electronic instrument, and thermal detector manufacturing method

ABSTRACT

A thermal detector manufacturing method includes: forming a sacrificial layer on a structure including an insulating layer; forming a support member on the sacrificial layer; forming on the support member a heat-detecting element; forming a first light-absorbing layer so as to cover the heat-detecting element, and planarizing the first light-absorbing layer; forming a contact hole in a portion of the first light-absorbing layer, subsequently forming a thermal transfer member having a connecting portion that connects to the heat-detecting element and a thermal collecting portion having a surface area greater than that of the connecting portion as seen in plan view; forming a second light-absorbing layer on the first light-absorbing layer; and removing the sacrificial layer to form a cavity between the support member and the structure including the insulating layer formed on the surface of the substrate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/329,485 filed on Dec. 19, 2011, now pending. This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-286334 filed on Dec. 22, 2010, Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-289491 filed on Dec. 27, 2010, Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-289492 filed on Dec. 27, 2010, Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-012060 filed on Jan. 24, 2011 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-036886 filed on Feb. 23, 2011. The entire disclosures of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/329,485 and Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2010-286334, 2010-289491, 2010-289492, 2011-012060 and 2011-036886 are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to a thermal detector, a thermal detection device, an electronic instrument, and a thermal detector manufacturing method.

2. Related Art

Thermal detection devices are known as light sensors. Thermo-optical detectors absorb light that has been emitted from an object in a light-absorbing layer, convert the light to heat, and measure the change in temperature with a heat-detecting element. Thermo-optical detectors include thermopiles that directly detect the increase in temperature accompanying light absorption, pyroelectric-type elements that detect a change in electrical polarity, and bolometers that detect the increase in temperature as a change in resistance. Thermo-optical detectors have a characteristically wide wavelength range over which measurements can be made. In recent years, semiconductor fabrication technologies (e.g., MEMS technologies) have been used, and the production of smaller-scale thermal detectors has been attempted.

In order to increase detection sensitivity and improve response in thermal detectors, it is critical to efficiently transfer the heat that is generated in the light-absorbing layer to the heat-detecting element.

The structure of a heat-detecting element for improving thermal transfer efficiency is described, for example, in Japanese Patent No. 3339276. The infrared detecting element described in Japanese Patent No. 3339276 (herein referred to as a thermopile-type infrared detecting element) has a highly thermally conducting layer that is provided between an infrared light sensing part and an infrared light absorbing layer. Specifically, a membrane is formed over a cavity, and the membrane is supported on the surrounding substrate by protruding beams that are provided at the four corners. The center membrane portion has a highly thermally conducting layer and an infrared light absorbing layer, and the edge portions have thermopile elements. In addition, the highly thermally conducting layer is made from a material having excellent infrared light reflectance, such as aluminum or gold.

SUMMARY

In addition, with the infrared light detecting element described in Japanese Patent No. 3339276, a high thermal transfer member is provided under the light-absorbing layer, but the heat-detecting element is not provided below the light-absorbing layer and the high thermal conduction member. The infrared light absorbing layer is at a position that is separated from the infrared sensing part heat-detecting element, and so the heat that is generated in the infrared light absorbing layer cannot be supplied, in some cases, directly to the heat-detecting element infrared light sensing part.

With the infrared light solid-state image capture element described in Japanese Patent Application Republication No. 99/31471, an insulating layer that constitutes an infrared light-absorbing part is in a position that is separated from the temperature detector, and so the heat that is generated in the insulating layer of the infrared light absorbing part, in some cases, cannot be supplied directly to the temperature detector.

In accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to increase the detection sensitivity of a thermal detector.

A thermal detector according to one aspect of the present invention includes a substrate, a support member, a heat-detecting element, a light-absorbing layer and a thermal transfer member. The support member is supported on the substrate so that a cavity is formed between the substrate and the support member. The heat-detecting element is formed on the support member and having a structure in which a pyroelectric material layer is disposed between a lower electrode and an upper electrode. The light-absorbing layer is formed on the heat-detecting element. The thermal transfer member includes a connecting portion connected to the heat-detecting element and a thermal collecting portion disposed inside the light-absorbing layer and having a surface area larger than a surface area of the connecting portion as seen in plan view, the thermal collecting portion being optically transmissive at least with respect to light of a prescribed wavelength. The lower electrode has an extending portion extending around the pyroelectric material layer as seen in plan view. The extending portion has light-reflecting properties by which at least a part of the light transmitted through the thermal collecting portion of the thermal transfer member is reflected.

In the thermal detector of the aspect described above, for example, a part of the light that is incident on the thermal detector (for example, infrared light) is first absorbed by a second light-absorbing layer, and the remainder thereof arrives at the thermal transfer member without being absorbed. The thermal transfer member, being optically transmissive to light of at least part of a wavelength region, can be translucent in, for example, an infrared region (for example, a far infrared region). In the thermal transfer member, for example, a part of the light that has arrived is reflected, and the remainder thereof is transmitted through the thermal transfer member. A part of the light that is transmitted through the thermal transfer member is absorbed by a first light-absorbing layer, and the remaining light thereof arrives at the heat-detecting element.

The heat-detecting element is formed on the support member. Herein, the expression “on . . . ” may refer to “directly above,” or may alternatively refer to the upper part (in cases in which another layer is interposed). A similarly broad interpretation is possible in other places as well.

The lower electrode of the heat-detecting element comprises the extending portion that extends on the support member; this extending portion has light-reflecting properties. Namely, the lower electrode comprises a material with excellent conductivity (for example, a metallic material); the light reflectance of metallic materials and the like is generally high. Accordingly, much of the light that is incident on the surface of the extending portion of the lower electrode, which is a constituent element of the heat-detecting element, is reflected, this reflected light being absorbed in either the first light-absorbing layer or the second light-absorbing layer. The reflected light can accordingly be used without waste, and can be converted to heat. A part of the light that arrives at the surface of the support member may also possibly be reflected and absorbed in either the first light-absorbing layer or the second light-absorbing layer. In this regard as well, the incident light can be used efficiently.

The lower electrode (which comprises a metallic material or the like), having high thermal conductivity as well, therefore also exerts the effect of transferring to the pyroelectric material layer heat that, for example, has been generated at places distant from the pyroelectric material layer in a light-absorbing layer. That is, the lower electrode, for example, extends broadly on the support member, and is therefore capable of efficiently transferring heat generated in a broad range in the light-absorbing layers to the pyroelectric material layer. In this regard, it can be said that the lower electrode also serves as a thermal transfer member (that is, as a thermal transfer member which can be said to be, for example, a second thermal transfer member, distinct from the thermal transfer member formed on the upper part of the heat-detecting element, which can then be said to be the first thermal transfer member).

The thermal transfer member comprises a material that is optically transmissive (for example, semi-transmissive), and comprises a connecting portion and a thermal collecting portion that has a greater surface area than that of the connecting portion in plan view, the thermal collecting portion being formed on the heat-detecting element. The thermal collecting portion of the thermal transfer member is tasked with collecting heat that, for example, has been generated in a region having a broad range, and transferring the same to the heat-detecting element. Any metallic compound that, for example, has favourable thermal conductivity and is optically translucent (for example, AlN or AlO_(x) can be used for the thermal transfer member.

The following is an example of how, in a case in which the incident light exhibits such behaviour as described above, heat is generated in the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer, and of how the generated heat is transferred to the heat-detecting element. Namely, a part of the light that is incident on the thermal detector is first absorbed in the second light-absorbing layer, heat then being generated in the second light-absorbing layer. Light that is reflected by the thermal transfer member is also absorbed in the second light-absorbing layer, heat thereby being generated in the second light-absorbing layer.

A part of the light that is transmitted through (passes through) the thermal transfer member is also absorbed in the first light-absorbing layer, thus generating heat. Much of (for example, the majority of) the light that arrives at the extending portion of the lower electrode is also reflected on the surface thereof and is absorbed in at least one of either the first light-absorbing layer or the second light-absorbing layer, heat being thereby generated in the first light-absorbing layer or second light absorbing layer. The light that is reflected by the surface of the support member is also absorbed in at least one of either the first light-absorbing layer or the second light-absorbing layer, heat being thereby generated in the first light-absorbing layer or second light-absorbing layer.

The heat that has been generated by the second light-absorbing layer is then transferred efficiently through the thermal transfer member to the heat-detecting element, and the heat that has been generated by the first light-absorbing layer is efficiently transferred, either directly or via the thermal transfer member, to the heat-detecting element. Specifically, the thermal collecting portion of the thermal transfer member is formed so that it covers a large region of the heat-detecting element, and thus most of the heat that has been generated by the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer can be transferred efficiently to the heat-detecting element, regardless of the site at which it was generated. For example, even heat that has been generated at locations that are distant from the heat-detecting element can be efficiently transferred to the heat-detecting element via the thermal transfer member having high thermal conductivity.

Because the collecting portion of the thermal transfer member and the heat-detecting element are connected by the connecting portion of the thermal transfer member, the heat that is transferred via the thermal collecting portion or the thermal transfer member can be directly transferred to the heat-detecting element via the connecting portion. Moreover, because the heat-detecting element is positioned below the thermal transfer member (provided in an overlapping position as seen in plan view), for example, it is possible to connect the middle part of the thermal transfer member and the heat-detecting element by the shortest possible length, as seen in plan view. Thus, the loss occurring with heat transfer can be decreased, and an increase in footprint can be minimized.

In addition, in this aspect, absorption efficiency is increased because heat is generated by a two-layer light-absorbing film. Moreover, the heat can be directly transferred to the heat-detecting element via the first light-absorbing layer. Thus, in comparison to the infrared light solid-state image capture element described in Japanese Patent Application Republication No. 99/31471 and the infrared light detection element described in Japanese Patent No. 3339276, the detection sensitivity of the thermal detector can be increased. Moreover, in this aspect, the heat-detecting element is connected to the thermal transfer member, and the response rate is thus high, as with the infrared light-detecting element described in Japanese Patent No. 3339276. In this aspect, because the thermal transfer member is directly connected to the heat detecting element, a higher response rate can be obtained in comparison to the infrared light solid state image capture element described in Japanese Patent Application Republication No. 99/31471.

In another aspect of the thermal detector of the present invention, the light-absorbing layer is preferably disposed on the support member around the heat-detecting element.

According to the aspect described above, the light-absorbing layers are formed around the heat-detecting element in plan view. Heat that has been generated in a broad range on the light-absorbing layers is thereby effectively transferred to the heat-detecting element, either directly, or indirectly through the thermal transfer member. The thermal detector can accordingly detect light at an even higher degree of sensitivity. The thermal detector also has a further improved response speed.

In another aspect of the thermal detector of the present invention, the light-absorbing layer preferably has a first light-absorbing layer contacting the thermal transfer member and disposed between the thermal transfer member and the extending portion of the lower electrode of the heat-detecting element, and a second light-absorbing layer contacting the thermal transfer member and disposed on the thermal transfer member.

The aspect described above, being provided with the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer as the light-absorbing layers, utilizes a configuration in which the thermal collecting portion of the thermal transfer member is sandwiched by the two light-absorbing layers. Heat that is generated in a broad range on the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer is efficiently transferred to the heat-detecting element, either directly, or indirectly through the thermal transfer member. Moreover, the light of the incident light that is reflected by the thermal transfer member can be absorbed by the second light-absorbing layer, which is the upper layer, and the light that is transmitted through the thermal transfer member can be absorbed by the first light-absorbing layer, which is the lower layer.

According to the thermal detector of this aspect, the heat that has been generated in a broad range in the (plurality of) two light-absorbing layers can be efficiently transferred to the heat-detecting element, and, accordingly, a small thermal detector can detect light with significantly improved sensitivity. Further, because the time required to transfer heat is curtailed, the thermal detector can have a faster response speed.

In another aspect of the thermal detector of the present invention, a first optical resonator for a first wavelength is preferably formed between a surface of the extending portion of the lower electrode and an upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer, and a second optical resonator for a second wavelength that is different from the first wavelength is preferably formed between a lower surface of the second light-absorbing layer and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer.

This aspect is configured such that the film thickness of each light-absorbing layer is adjusted to provide two optical resonators having different resonance wavelengths. The first optical resonator for the first wavelength is formed between the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer and the surface of the extending portion of the lower electrode, which is formed on the support member and is a constituent element of the thermal detector. The light that is reflected by the surface of the extending portion of the lower electrode is absorbed in at least one of either the first light-absorbing layer or the second light-absorbing layer, but the first optical resonator is constituted such that, at this time, each light-absorbing layer has a high effective absorptivity. The lower electrode comprises a material that has excellent conductivity (for example, a metallic material); the light reflectance of metallic materials and the like is generally high. Accordingly, much of the light that is incident on the surface of the extending member can be reflected upwards. It is accordingly easy to create optical resonances.

Herein, the first optical resonator can be, for example, a so-called λ/4 optical resonator. That is, the film thickness of the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer may be adjusted such that the distance between the surface of an extending portion RX of a lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of a pyroelectric capacitor 230 and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer satisfies the relationship n·(λ1/4) (n is an integer equal to or greater than 1), where λ1 is the first wavelength. The film thickness of the lower electrode can be made so thin that the film thickness can be ignored; in this case, the total film thickness of the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer may satisfy the relationship n·(λ1/4) (n is an integer equal to or greater than 1). The light of the wavelength λ1 that is incident and the light of the wavelength λ1 that is reflected by the surface of the support member are thereby cancelled out by mutual interference, thus increasing the effective absorptivity in the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer.

Moreover, as described above, the light that has been reflected by the thermal transfer member is absorbed by the second light-absorbing layer, and the effective absorption in the second light-absorbing layer can be increased, in this case, by providing a second optical resonator. For example, a so-called λ/4 optical resonator may be used as the second optical resonator.

Specifically, taking the second wavelength as λ2, the second optical resonator can be constituted by setting the distance between the bottom surface of the second light-absorbing layer and the top surface of the second light-absorbing layer (specifically, the film thickness of the second light-absorbing layer) at n·(λ2/4). As a result, incident light of wavelength λ2 and light of wavelength λ2 that has been reflected by the bottom surface of the second light-absorbing layer (interface between the first light-absorbing layer and second light-absorbing layer) are canceled out due to mutual interference, thereby increasing the effective absorption at the second light-absorbing layer.

According to this aspect, because resonance peaks are created in two different wavelengths, the band of wavelengths (wavelength width) in which the thermal detector is able to detect light can be widened. Also, the light-reflecting layer and the thermal collecting portion of the thermal transfer member are disposed in parallel with each other. A parallel between the upper surface of the light-reflecting layer and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer is accordingly maintained.

In another aspect of the thermal detector of the present invention, the thermal transfer member preferably also serves as wiring that electrically connects the heat-detecting element to another element.

The thermal transfer member, as described above, can be constituted by a metal compound such as AlN or AlO_(x), but a material having metal as a primary component is preferred, due to its favorable electrical conductivity, and the thermal transfer member may also be used as wiring (or a portion of the wiring) that connects the heat-detecting element with other elements. By using the thermal transfer member as wiring, the production steps can be simplified, because it is not necessary to provide the wiring separately.

A thermal detection device according to another aspect of the present invention includes a plurality of the thermal detectors described in any of the aspects above disposed two-dimensionally.

As a result, a thermal detection device (thermal-type optical array sensor) is realized in which a plurality of the thermal detectors (thermo-optical detection elements) have been disposed two-dimensionally (e.g., disposed in an array formed along two perpendicular axes).

An electronic instrument according to another aspect of the present invention comprises the thermal detector described in any of the aspects above and a control part configured to process an output of the thermal detector.

All of the thermal detectors described above have high detection sensitivity, and thus the performance of the electronic instruments that contain these thermal detectors is improved. Examples of electronic instruments include infrared sensor devices, thermographic devices, on-board automotive night-vision cameras, and surveillance cameras. The control part may be constituted, for example, by an image processing part or a CPU.

A thermal detector manufacturing method according to another aspect of the present invention includes: forming a structure including an insulating layer on a surface of a substrate; forming a sacrificial layer on the structure including the insulating layer; forming a support member on the sacrificial layer; forming on the support member a heat-detecting element having a structure in which a pyroelectric material layer is disposed between a lower electrode and an upper electrode, the lower electrode having an extending portion extending around the pyroelectric material layer as seen in plan view, and the extending portion having light-reflecting properties by which arriving light is reflected; forming a first light-absorbing layer so as to cover the heat-detecting element, and planarizing the first light-absorbing layer; forming a contact hole in a portion of the first light-absorbing layer, subsequently forming a material layer which is thermally conductive and optically transmissive at least with respect to light of a prescribed wavelength, and patterning the material layer to form a thermal transfer member having a connecting portion that connects to the heat-detecting element and a thermal collecting portion having a surface area greater than that of the connecting portion as seen in plan view; forming a second light-absorbing layer on the first light-absorbing layer; patterning the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer; patterning the support member; and removing the sacrificial layer to form a cavity between the support member and the structure including the insulating layer formed on the surface of the substrate.

According to the aspect described above, the main surface of the substrate is laminated with a multilayer structure including inter-layer insulating layers, the sacrificial layer, and the support member, and the support member is also laminated with the heat-detecting element including the lower electrode having the light-reflecting properties (that is, the lower electrode serving as a light-reflecting member), the first light-absorbing layer, the thermal transfer member, and the second light-absorbing layer. A planarization treatment is used to planarize the upper surface of the first light-absorbing layer. The first light-absorbing layer is also provided with a contact hole, the connecting portion of the thermal transfer member being embedded in this contact hole. The thermal collecting portion of the thermal transfer member, provided on the first light-absorbing layer, is connected to the heat-detecting element (for example, to an electrode on a pyroelectric capacitor) via the connecting portion. According to this aspect, a semiconductor manufacturing technology (for example, MEMS technology) can be used to achieve a thermal detector that is both small and detects with a high degree of sensitivity. Also, it is preferable that the light-reflecting layer and the thermal collecting portion of the thermal transfer member be disposed in parallel with each other. A parallel between the upper surface of the light-reflecting layer and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer is thereby maintained.

In accordance with at last one of the aspects of the present invention, for example, it is possible to additionally increase the detection sensitivity of the thermal detector.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the attached drawings which form a part of this original disclosure:

FIG. 1A is a schematic top plan view of an example of a thermal detector according one embodiment.

FIG. 1B is a sectional view of the thermal detector as taken along a section line A-A′ in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A is a diagram showing an example of the spectral characteristics (light-reflecting characteristics and light-transmission characteristics) of an alumina plate in the far-infrared wavelength range.

FIG. 2B is a diagram showing an example of the detection sensitivity of the thermal detector having a double optical resonator configuration.

FIGS. 3A to 3E are diagrams showing the steps for forming the first light-absorbing layer in the thermal detector manufacturing method.

FIGS. 4A to 4C are diagrams showing the steps for patterning the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer in the thermal detector manufacturing method.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams showing the steps for completion of the thermal detector in the thermal detector manufacturing method.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing another example of the thermal detector.

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the circuit configuration of a thermal detection device (thermal detector array).

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of an electronic instrument.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing another example of the configuration of an electronic instrument.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below. The matter of the present invention described in the claims is not unduly limited by the embodiments described below, and it is not essential for all of the configurations described in the embodiments to be used as means for solving the problems.

Embodiment 1

FIGS. 1A and 1B are plan view and a sectional view of an example of the thermal detector. FIG. 1B is a sectional view of the thermal detector, taken along line A-A′ in FIG. 1A. In FIGS. 1A and 1B, an individual thermal detector is shown, but a plurality of thermal detectors may be disposed in the form of a matrix in order to produce the configuration of a thermal detector array (e.g., a thermal-type detection device).

The thermal detector shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B is a pyroelectric infrared detector (a type of light sensor) 200 (however, this is only an example and does not limit the invention). This pyroelectric-type infrared photodetector 200 can efficiently transfer the heat that is generated by light absorption in the two-layer light-absorbing films 270 and 272 to the heat-detecting element (here, a pyroelectric capacitor 230) via a thermal transfer member 260 having favorable thermal transfer properties.

The thermal transfer member 260 can comprise a material (for example, AlN, AlO_(x), or other metallic compounds) that, for example, has high thermal conductivity, and is optically transmissive (for example, semi-transmissive) to the light of at least some wavelength regions (the light of a wavelength region, in which the thermal detector has detection sensitivity for at least a part of a band of wavelength (width of wavelength)) of the light. The optical transparency of the thermal transfer member 260 will be described later with reference to FIG. 2.

The pyroelectric capacitor 230 serving as a heat-detecting element converts heat to electrical signals. A detection signal (for example, an electric current signal) that corresponds to the intensity of the received light is thereby obtained. The pyroelectric capacitor 230 serving as the heat-detecting element is formed on the support member 215. Herein, the expression “on . . . ” may refer to “directly above,” or may alternatively refer to the upper part (in cases in which another layer is interposed). A similarly broad interpretation is possible in other places as well. The following is a detailed description.

Example of Thermal Detector Pyroelectric Infrared Detector

The sectional structure will first be described with reference to FIG. 1B.

Sectional Structure of Pyroelectric Infrared Detector

The pyroelectric-type infrared detector 200 that is used as the thermal detector is constituted by a multilayer structure that is formed on a substrate (silicon substrate) 10. Specifically, the pyroelectric type infrared light detector that is used as the thermal detector 200 comprises a substrate (in this case, a silicon substrate) 10, a structure 100 including an insulating layer that is formed on the primary surface (in this case, the top surface) of the substrate 10 (e.g., a multilayer structure including an interlayer insulating film; refer to FIG. 6 for details concerning the multilayer structure), an etching stopper film 130 a formed on the surface of the structure 100 including the insulating layer, a cavity for thermal isolation (thermal isolation cavity) 102, a support member (membrane) 215 that is constituted by a mounting part 210 and arm parts 212 a and 212 b, a pyroelectric capacitor 230 as a heat detection element that is formed on the support member (membrane) 215, an insulating layer 250 that covers the surface of the pyroelectric capacitor 230, a first light-absorbing layer (e.g., an SiO₂ layer) 270, a thermal transfer member 260 (having a connecting portion CN and a thermal collecting portion FL), and a second light-absorbing layer (e.g., an SiO₂ layer) 272.

The pyroelectric capacitor 230 comprises a lower electrode (the first electrode) 234, a pyroelectric material layer 232, and an upper electrode (the second electrode) 236. The lower electrode of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 has an extending portion RX that extends around the pyroelectric material layer in plan view (in plan view as seen from the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate), this extending portion RX having light-reflecting properties by which at least a part of the light that has been transmitted through a thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 is reflected. The “extending portion” can also alternatively be called a “jutting portion” or an “augmented portion.”

The first light-absorbing layer 270 is formed between the thermal transfer member 260 (specifically, the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260) and the extending portion RX in the lower electrode of the heat-detecting element (the pyroelectric capacitor 230), and is connected to the thermal transfer member 260 (specifically, the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260).

The second light-absorbing layer 272 is formed on the thermal transfer member 260 (specifically, the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260, and is connected to the thermal transfer member 260 (specifically, the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260).

Namely, the lower electrode 234 comprises a material with excellent conductivity (for example, a metallic material); the light reflectance of metallic materials and the like is generally high. Accordingly, much of the light that is incident on the surface of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode 234, which is a constituent element of the pyroelectric capacitor 230, is reflected, this reflected light then being absorbed in either the first light-absorbing layer 270 or the second light-absorbing layer 272. The incident light can accordingly be used without waste, and can be converted to heat. A part of the light that arrives at the surface of the support member 215 may also possibly be reflected and absorbed in either the first light-absorbing layer 270 or the second light-absorbing layer 272. In this regard as well, the incident light can be used efficiently.

In the example of FIGS. 1A and 1B, the extending portion RX in the lower electrode 234 is formed so as to jut to the periphery of the thermal transfer member 260 in plan view. The extending portion RX can be made to jut farther out than the periphery of the thermal transfer member 260, or, conversely, can also be made to stop jutting while inside the periphery of the thermal transfer member 260. However, the effect of efficiently reflecting light that has been transmitted through the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 is weakened when the extending portion RX in the lower electrode 234 has too small a surface area. Therefore, the extending portion RX is preferably formed to jut at least to the periphery (near the periphery) of the thermal transfer member 260, in plan view. Also, it is preferable, from the viewpoint of effectively utilizing the incident light, that the extending portion RX be provided around the pyroelectric material layer 232 in plan view. The extending portion RX is further preferably provided around the entirety.

The lower electrode 234, comprising a metallic material and also having high thermal conductivity, therefore also exerts the effect of efficiently transferring to the pyroelectric material layer 232 heat that, for example, has been generated at places distant from the pyroelectric material layer 232 in the first light-absorbing layer 270. That is, since the lower electrode 234, for example, extends broadly on the support member 215, it is therefore possible to efficiently transfer to the pyroelectric material layer 232 heat that has been generated in a broad range in the first light-absorbing layer 270. In this regard, it can be said that the lower electrode 234 also serves as a thermal transfer member (that is, as a thermal transfer member which can be said to be, for example a second thermal transfer member, distinct from the thermal transfer member 260 formed on the upper part of the pyroelectric capacitor 230, which can then be said to be the first thermal transfer member).

The base part (base) is constituted by the substrate 10 and the multilayer structure 100. This base part (base) supports the element structure 160 that includes the support member 215 and the pyroelectric capacitor 230 in the cavity 102. In addition, a transistor, resistor, or other semiconductor element can be formed, for example, in the region of the silicon (Si) substrate 10 that overlaps with the heat-detecting element (pyroelectric capacitor 230) as seen in plan view (e.g., refer to the example of FIG. 6).

As described above, an etching stopper film (e.g., an Si₃N₄ film) 130 a is provided on the surface of the multilayer structure 100 that is formed on the substrate 10. In addition, etching stopper films (e.g., Si₃N₄ films) 130 b to 130 d are formed on the back surface of the support member (membrane) 215. The etching stopper films 130 a to 130 d have the role of preventing removal of layers other than the targets of etching in the step in which the sacrificial layer (not shown in FIG. 1, refer to designation 101 in FIG. 3) is etched in order to form the cavity 102. However, the etching stopper film is not necessary, in some cases, depending on the material that constitutes the support member (membrane) 215.

In addition, the pyroelectric capacitor 230 that is part of the element structure 160 is supported above the cavity 102 by the support member (membrane) 215 which is also part of the element structure 160.

The support member (membrane) 215 can be formed by patterning a three-layer laminate of a silicon oxide film (SiO)/silicon nitride film (SiN)/silicon oxide film (SiO) (this is only an example and does not limit the invention). The support member (membrane) 215 is configured and arranged to stably support the pyroelectric capacitor 230, and thus the total thickness of the support member (membrane) 215 is set to be sufficient to provide the necessary mechanical strength.

An oriented film (not shown in the drawings) is formed on the surface of the support member (membrane) 215, and the pyroelectric capacitor 230 is formed on this oriented film. As described above, the pyroelectric capacitor 230 comprises a lower electrode (first electrode) 234, a pyroelectric material layer (e.g., a pyroelectric body PZT layer; lead zirconate titanate layer) 232 that is formed on the lower electrode, and an upper electrode (second electrode) 236 that is formed on the pyroelectric material layer 232.

Each of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 and the upper electrode (second electrode) 236 can be formed, for example, by laminating three layers of metal film. For example, a three-layer structure may be used in which iridium (Ir), iridium oxide (IrO_(x)) and platinum (Pt) are formed by patterning, for example, in sequence from a location farthest from the pyroelectric material layer (PZT layer) 232. As described above, PZT (Pb(Zi, Ti)O₃; lead zirconate titanate) may be used as the pyroelectric material layer 232.

When heat is transferred to the pyroelectric material layer (pyroelectric body), a change in electrical polarity arises in the pyroelectric material layer 232 as a result of the ensuing pyroelectric effect (pyroelectric effect). By detecting the current that accompanies this change in the degree of electrical polarity, it is possible to detect the intensity of the incident light.

This pyroelectric material layer 232 can be formed into a film, for example, by sputtering or MOCVD. The film thickness of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 and the upper electrode (second electrode) 236 is, for example, about 0.4 μm, and the film thickness of the pyroelectric material layer 232 is, for example, about 0.1 μm.

The pyroelectric capacitor 230 is covered by the insulating layer 250 and the first light-absorbing layer 270. A first contact hole 252 is provided on the insulating layer 250. The first contact hole 252 is used for connecting the electrode 226 of the upper electrode (second electrode) 236 to the upper electrode (second electrode) 236.

Also, the second contact hole 254 is provided in the first light-absorbing layer 270 (and the insulating layer 250). The second contact hole 254 is provided through the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the insulating layer 250. This second contact hole 254 is used in order to connect the thermal transfer member 260 to the upper electrode 236 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230. Specifically, the second contact hole 254 (where the filled portion is indicated by the reference designation 228 in the drawing) can be filled with the same material that constitutes the thermal transfer member 260 (e.g., aluminum nitride (AlN) or aluminum oxide (AlO_(x))), and, as a result, a connecting portion CN is configured in the thermal transfer member 260.

The portion of the thermal transfer member 260 that extends over the first light-absorbing layer 270 has a thermal collecting portion FL with a planarized surface and the connecting portion CN in the portion that connects the thermal collecting portion FL with the upper electrode (second electrode) 236 in the pyroelectric capacitor 230.

The thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260, for example, has the role of collecting the heat that has been generated over a wide region and transferring it to the pyroelectric capacitor 230 that is used as the heat-detecting element. The thermal collecting portion FL, for example, can also be formed in a configuration in which it has a level surface on the first light-absorbing layer 270 that has been planarized. In this case, the “thermal collecting portion” may also be referred to as a “flat part” or “planar part”.

As described above, the thermal transfer member 260 can comprise a material that has high thermal conductivity and is optically transmissive (for example, semi-transmissive) to the light of a desired band of wavelength, and can comprise, for example, aluminum nitride (AlN), aluminum oxide (AlO_(x)), or the like. It is also possible for the material in the thermal collecting portion FL to be different from the material 228 in the connecting portion CN (for example, the material of the contact plug embedded in the contact hole 254).

FIG. 1B (as well as FIG. 1A) illustrates the existence of a relationship W0<W1<W2, where W0 is the width of the connecting portion CN, W1 is the width of the pyroelectric material layer 232, and W2 is the width of the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260. The width of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 is also set to be W2. In other words, as depicted in FIG. 1A, the periphery (outer edge) of the thermal transfer member 260 is substantially matched in plan view to the periphery (outer edge) of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234.

As illustrated in FIG. 1B, a distance H1 between the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 and the surface of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 is set to n·(λ1/4) (“n” is an integer 1 or greater), where λ1 is a first wavelength and λ2 is a second wavelength. A first optical resonator (a λ1/4 optical resonator) is thereby configured between the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 and the surface of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234. Because the film thickness of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 is sufficiently thin, the thickness thereof can be ignored without any particular problem, and accordingly the above-described distance H1 can be considered to be the total film thickness combining the film thickness H2 of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the film thickness H3 of the second light-absorbing layer 272.

The distance H3 between the lower surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 (that is, the film thickness H3 of the second light absorbing layer 272) can be set to n·(λ2/4). A second optical resonator (a λ2/4 optical resonator) is thereby configured between the lower surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272. Because the film thickness of the thermal collecting portion FL in the thermal transfer member 260 is sufficiently thin, the thickness thereof can be ignored without any particular problem, and accordingly the resonator length of the second optical resonator can be considered to be the film thickness H3 of the second light-absorbing layer 272. The effect of constituting the first optical resonator and the second optical resonator will be described later. The light-reflecting layer 235 and the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 are disposed in parallel with each other. Accordingly, a parallel between the upper surface of the light-reflecting layer 235 and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 can be maintained.

Layout Configuration of Pyroelectric Infrared Detector

Next, the layout configuration will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. As shown in FIG. 1A, the support member (membrane) 215 has a mounting part 210 that carries the pyroelectric capacitor 230 and two arms that hold the mounting part 210 over the cavity (thermal isolation cavity) 102, specifically, a first arm 212 a and a second arm 212 b. The pyroelectric capacitor 230 is formed on the mounting part 210 in the support member (membrane) 215. In addition, as described above, the configuration of the element structure 160 includes the support member (membrane) 215, the pyroelectric capacitor 230, the first light-absorbing layer 270, the thermal transfer member 260, and the second light-absorbing layer 272.

The first arm 212 a and the second arm 212 b, as described above, can be formed in long thin shapes by processing involving patterning a three-layer laminated film consisting of a silicon oxide film (SiO), a silicon nitride film (SiN), and a silicon oxide film (SiO). The reason that long thin shapes are produced is to increase thermal resistance and to control heat dissipation (heat release) from the pyroelectric capacitor 230.

The wide distal end part 232 a of the first arm 212 a is supported above the cavity 102 by a first post 104 a (circular member as seen in plan view, represented by a broken line in FIG. 1A). In addition, wiring 229 a is formed on the first arm part 212 a that connects one end (reference symbol 228) to the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 and the other end 231 a to the first post 104 a.

The first post 104 a, for example, is provided between the structure 100 that includes the insulating layer shown in FIG. 1B and the distal end part 232 a of the first arm part 212 a. This first post 104 a is constituted by a multilayer wiring structure that has been processed into a pillar shape that is selectively formed in the cavity 102 (composed of an interlayer insulating layer and a conductive layer that constitutes wiring for connecting the elements such as transistors provided on the underlying silicon substrate 10 with the pyroelectric capacitor 230).

Similarly the second arm part 212 b is supported above the cavity 102 by a second post 104 b (in FIG. 1A, a circular member as seen in plan view, represented by a broken line). The broad distal end part 232 b in the second arm part 212 b is supported over the cavity 102 by a second post 104 b (in FIG. 1A, a circular member as seen in a plan view, represented by a broken line). In addition, wiring 229 b is formed on the second arm part 212 b that connects one end (reference symbol 226) to the upper electrode (second electrode) 236 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 and the other end 231 b to the second post 104 b.

The second post 104 b, for example, is provided between the structure 100 that includes the insulating layer shown in FIG. 1B and the distal end part 232 b of the second arm part 212 b. This second post 104 b may be constituted by a multilayer wiring structure that has been processed into a pillar shape selectively in the cavity 102 (composed of an interlayer insulating layer and a conductive layer that constitutes wiring for connecting the elements such as transistors provided on the underlying silicon substrate 10 with the pyroelectric capacitor 230).

In the example shown in FIG. 1A, the first post 104 a and the second post 104 b are used in order to hold the element structure 160 including the support member 215 and the pyroelectric capacitor 230 above the cavity 102. With this configuration, it is useful if a plural number of pyroelectric capacitors 230 used as heat-detecting elements are disposed at high density in a shared cavity 102 (in other words, when forming a heat-detecting element array). However, this configuration is only an example and does not limit the present invention. For example, in the example shown in FIG. 6, a single space 102 is formed for each of the individual heat-detecting elements (pyroelectric capacitor) 230, and the support member (membrane) 215 may be supported by the structure 100 including the insulating layer surrounding the cavity 102.

In FIG. 1A, the pyroelectric capacitor 230 is disposed in a middle region of the mounting unit 210 in the support member 215, and the pyroelectric capacitor 230 has a substantially square shape in plan view. FIG. 1A illustrates the existence of a relationship W0<W1<W2, where W0 is the width in the connecting portion CN of the thermal transfer member 260, W1 is the width of the pyroelectric material layer 232 in the pyroelectric capacitor 230, and W2 is the width of the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 and the width of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234.

Consequently, the surface area of the collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 as seen in plan view (from a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 10; i.e., as seen perpendicularly from above) is greater than the surface area of the connecting portion CN. In addition, the surface area of the collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 as seen in plan view is greater than the surface area of the pyroelectric capacitor 230.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 1A, the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 are formed around the pyroelectric capacitor 230 used as the heat-detecting element, which is on the support member (membrane) 215, as seen in plan view. Consequently, the heat that is generated over a large region of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 is efficiently transmitted directly to the pyroelectric capacitor 230, or indirectly via the thermal transfer member 260.

In other words, the heat that is generated over a large region of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 is collected from all directions (in other words, from all sides) in the pyroelectric capacitor 230. In this case, the pyroelectric capacitor 230 is disposed below the middle of the roughly square-shaped thermal transfer member 260, as seen in plan view. Thus, the heat that is collected via the thermal transfer member 260 from all directions is transferred to the upper electrode (second electrode) 236 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 through the shortest possible distance via the connecting portion CN. Thus, much of the heat is efficiently collected from a wide area, and the heat can be transferred to the upper electrode (second electrode) 236 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 through the shortest possible distance while minimizing loss. Thus, the photodetection sensitivity of the thermal detector 200 can be additionally increased. In addition, the response rate of the thermal detector can be additionally improved.

Since the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 in the pyroelectric capacitor 230 also has the effect of transferring heat, as has been described above, the heat that is generated in a large region of, for example, the first light-absorbing layer 270 is collected in the pyroelectric material layer 232 from every direction, through the extending portion RX. The effect of efficiently transferring to the pyroelectric material layer 232 heat that has been generated at places distant from the pyroelectric material 232 in the first light-absorbing layer 270 is also obtained.

Absorption is also more efficient in this embodiment, because heat is generated by the two light-absorbing films 270, 272. The heat can be directly transferred to the heat-detecting element 230 via the first light-absorbing layer 270. The thermal detector can accordingly detect at a further improved degree of sensitivity compared to the infrared detection element recited in Japanese Patent No. 3339276 and the infrared solid-state imaging element recited in Japanese Patent Application Republication No. 99/31471. Also, the heat-detecting element 230 is connected to the thermal transfer member 260 in this embodiment. The response speed is accordingly as high as that of the infrared detection element recited in Patent Reference 1. The response speed obtained in this embodiment is even higher than that of the infrared solid-state imaging element recited in Patent Reference 2, because the thermal transfer member 260 is directly connected to the heat-detecting element 230.

Operation of Pyroelectric Infrared Detector

The thermal detector 200 according to this embodiment presented in FIGS. 1A and 1B operates in the manner described below.

Namely, a part of the light (for example, infrared light) that is incident on the thermal detector 200 is first absorbed in the second light-absorbing layer 272, and the remainder thereof arrives at the thermal transfer member 260 without being absorbed. The thermal transfer member 260 is optically transmissive to light in a band of wavelength in which the thermal detector 200 has detection sensitivity, and is, for example, translucent to infrared light. For example, a part of the arriving light is reflected in the thermal transfer member 260, and the remainder thereof is transmitted through the thermal transfer member 260. The part of the light that is transmitted through the thermal transfer member 260 is absorbed in the first light-absorbing layer 270, and the remaining light arrives at the surface of the support member (membrane) 215, as well as at the surface of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 serving as a heat-detecting element formed on the support member (membrane) 215.

Much of (for example, the majority of) the light that is incident on the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 is reflected on the surface thereof, and then absorbed into at least one of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272, thus generating heat in either the first light-absorbing layer 270 or the second light-absorbing layer 272. In other words, the presence of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 reduces the occurrence of incident light being transmitted through the support member (membrane) 215 and escaping downward; a greater amount of incident light can accordingly be converted to heat, such that light can be used efficiently.

Light that is reflected by the surface of the support member (membrane) 215 is also absorbed into at least one of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272, thus generating heat in either the first light-absorbing layer or the second light-absorbing layer. For example, in a case in which the first light-absorbing layer 270 comprises a layer of SiO₂ (refractive index: 1.45) and the support member (membrane) 215 comprises a layer of SiN (refractive index: 2.0), the refractive index of the film constituting the support member (membrane) 215 (in other words, the refractive index of the support member 215) is greater than the refractive index of the first light-absorbing layer 270, and therefore almost all the light that arrives at the support member (membrane) 215 will be reflected by the surface of the support member (membrane) 215.

It is also effective to further provide, for example, a titanium (Ti) film, or other metal film, as a constituent element of the support member (membrane) 215 (particularly preferably provided to the surface by which light is reflected), increasing the light reflectance in the surface of the support member (membrane) 215. The light that is reflected by the surface of the support member (membrane) 215 is absorbed in the first light-absorbing layer 270 or the second light-absorbing layer 272.

The following is an example of how, in a case in which the incident light exhibits such behaviour as described above, heat is generated in the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272, and of how the generated heat is transferred to the pyroelectric capacitor 230, which is a heat-detecting element.

Namely, a part of the light that is incident on the thermal detector 200 is first absorbed in the second light-absorbing layer 272, heat then being generated in the second light-absorbing layer. Light that is reflected by the thermal transfer member 260 is also absorbed in the second light-absorbing layer 272, thus generating heat in the second light-absorbing layer 272.

A part of the light that is transmitted through (passes through) the thermal transfer member 260 is absorbed in and generates heat in the first light-absorbing layer 270. The remaining light arrives at the surface of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) of the pyroelectric capacitor 230, and also at the surface of the support member (membrane) 215.

As described above, much of (for example, the majority of) the light that is incident on the surface of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) is reflected, and this reflected light is then absorbed in the first light-absorbing layer 270 or the second light-absorbing layer 272. The incident light can accordingly be used without waste, and can be converted to heat.

The extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 also has the effect of collecting heat; heat generated in a wide range of the first light-absorbing layer 270 can therefore be efficiently collected in the pyroelectric material layer 232.

Since part of the light that arrives at the surface of the support member (membrane) 215 is also reflected, and then absorbed in the first light-absorbing layer 270 or the second light-absorbing layer 272, the incident light is also effectively utilized in this regard.

The heat that has been generated by the second light-absorbing layer 272 is efficiently transferred to the pyroelectric capacitor 230 that is used as the heat-detecting element via the thermal transfer member 260, and the heat that has been generated by the first light-absorbing layer 270 is efficiently transferred to the pyroelectric capacitor 230, directly or via the thermal transfer member 260.

Specifically, the thermal collecting portion of the thermal transfer member 260 is formed so as to broadly cover the heat-detecting element 230, and thus most of the heat that is generated by the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 can be transferred efficiently to the heat-detecting element, regardless of the site at which it was generated. For example, even heat that has been generated at a location distant from the pyroelectric capacitor 230 can be efficiently transferred to pyroelectric capacitor 230, which is a heat-detecting element, via the thermal transfer member 260 having high thermal conductivity.

In addition, because the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 and the pyroelectric capacitor 230 are connected by the connecting portion CN of the thermal transfer member 260, the heat that is transmitted via the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 can be directly transmitted to the pyroelectric capacitor 230 via the connecting portion CN. Moreover, because the pyroelectric capacitor 230 that is used as the heat-detecting element is positioned under (directly under) the thermal transfer member 260 (provided in positions that are superimposed as seen in plan view), it is possible, for example, to connect the pyroelectric capacitor 230 and the middle part of the thermal transfer member 260 via the shortest possible distance, as seen in plan view. Thus, the loss occurring with heat transfer can be decreased, and an increase in footprint can be minimized.

In this manner, in accordance with the thermal detector described in FIGS. 1A and 1B (in this case a pyroelectric-type infrared light detector), the heat that has been generated over a large region in two (a plurality of) light-absorbing layers 270, 272 can be efficiently transferred to the pyroelectric capacitor 230 which is used as the heat-detecting element. Thus, the light detection sensitivity of small-size thermal detectors (pyroelectric-type infrared photodetectors) can be greatly increased. Moreover, the time required for light transfer is decreased, and so the response rate of the thermal detector (pyroelectric-type infrared photodetector) can be increased.

The light-reflecting effects and heat-collecting effects of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 also increase the detection efficiency of the thermal detector.

In addition, with the thermal detector (pyroelectric-type infrared photodetector) described in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 are formed surrounding the pyroelectric capacitor 230 used as the heat-detecting element as seen in plan view on the support member 215 (or the mounting part 210 thereof). As a result, the heat that is generated over a large region of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 is extremely efficiently transferred to the pyroelectric capacitor 230 used as the heat-detecting element, either directly or indirectly via the thermal transfer member 260. Thus, the light detection sensitivity of the thermal detector (pyroelectric-type infrared photodetector) can be additionally increased, and the response rate of the thermal detector (pyroelectric-type infrared photodetector) can be additionally increased.

The thermal detector recited in FIGS. 1A and 1B (the pyroelectric infrared detector) also has a first optical resonator for a first wavelength λ1 configured between the surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 and the surface of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230, and also has a second optical resonator for a second wavelength λ2, which is different from the first wavelength λ1, configured between the lower surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272. Namely, the film thicknesses of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 are adjusted to constitute two optical resonators having different resonance wavelengths.

As has been described above, the light that is reflected by the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 is absorbed into at least one of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272, but constituting the first optical resonator can increase the effective absorptivity in each light-absorbing layer at this time.

The first optical resonator can be, for example, a so-called 714 optical resonator. Namely, the film thicknesses of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 are adjusted such that the distance H1 between the surface of the extending portion RX of the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 (the total thickness H1 of the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272, when the film thickness of the lower electrode 234 can be ignored) satisfies the relationship n·(λ1/4) (n is an integer equal to or greater than 1), where λ1 is the first wavelength. The light of the wavelength λ1 that is incident and the light of the wavelength λ1 that is reflected by the extending portion RX of the lower electrode 234 are thereby cancelled out due to mutual interference, thus increasing the effective absorptivity in the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272.

Since the extending portion RX of the lower electrode 234 comprises a material that is highly reflective of light, much of the incident light can be reflected upward, and optical resonance is accordingly prone to occur.

As for the light that is reflected by the surface of the support member (membrane) 215, since mutual interference occurs with the incident light, resonance in the first optical resonator is also prone to occur.

Moreover, as described above, the light that has been reflected at the thermal transfer member 260 is absorbed at the second light-absorbing layer 272, but by constituting the second optical resonator, effective absorption in the second light-absorbing layer 272 can be increased, in this case. A so-called λ/4 optical resonator, for example, may be used as the second optical resonator.

Specifically, taking the second wavelength as λ2, the second optical resonator can be constituted by setting the distance between the bottom surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 and the top surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 (specifically, the film thickness of the second light-absorbing layer) to n·(λ2/4). As a result, incident light of wavelength λ2 and light of wavelength λ2 that has been reflected at the bottom surface of the second light-absorbing layer (interface between the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272) are cancelled out due to mutual interference, thereby increasing the effective absorption at the second light-absorbing layer 272.

Moreover, by having a configuration involving two optical resonators, the wavelength bandwidth of light that can be detected by the thermal detector can be increased as a result of peaks synthesis because a resonance peak is produced at the two different wavelengths. In other words, the wavelength bandwidth (wavelength range) that can be detected by the thermal detector can be increased.

Preferred Example of Thermal Transfer Member

A preferred example of the thermal transfer member (thermal transfer layer) is described below. As described above, with the thermal detector 200 of this embodiment, a structure is used in which the heat collecting portion FL in the thermal transfer member 260 is sandwiched by the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272. Thus, in addition, the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member 260 can collect even heat that has been generated at positions that are far from the pyroelectric capacitor 230 that is used as the heat-detecting element. As a result, it is preferable for the thermal collecting portion to have a large surface area as seen in plan view. Given this situation, it is preferable for the thermal transfer member 260 to be constituted by a material that is transmissive to light and allows light of at least some of the wavelengths that are in the desired wavelength range to pass, so that light that is incident from above the thermal detector 200 is absorbed by both the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272.

Specifically, the thermal transfer member 260 is preferably constituted by a material that has thermal conductivity and light transmissivity and has favorable thermal transfer properties. The thermal transfer member 260 can be constituted, for example, by aluminum nitride (AlN) or aluminum oxide (AlO_(x)). The aluminum oxide is also referred to as alumina, and Al₂O₃ may also be used, for example.

FIG. 2A is a diagram that show an example of the spectral characteristics (light reflection characteristics and light transmission characteristics) of the alumina plate in the far-infrared light wavelength range and FIG. 2B is a diagram that shows an example of the detection sensitivity of the thermal detector when two optical resonators are configured.

Although the far-infrared light wavelength range is not particularly strictly defined, the wavelength range of far-infrared light is generally about 4 μm to about 1000 μm. Infrared light is radiated by all bodies, and bodies having high temperatures radiate intense infrared light. The wavelength of peak radiation is inversely proportional to temperature, and the peak wavelength of infrared light radiated by a body at room temperature, 20° C., is about 10 μm.

FIG. 2A shows the reflectance and transmittance of an alumina plate in the wavelength range of 4 μm to 24 μm. The horizontal axis is wavelength (μm), and the vertical axis is relative intensity (arbitrary units: a.u.). In FIG. 2, the characteristic line Q1 indicating transmittance is represented as a dashed-dotted line, and the characteristic curve Q2 indicating reflectance is indicated as a solid line. Characteristic curve Q3 which shows the results of adding the reflectance and the transmittance is represented by a dotted line.

As shown in FIG. 2A, the reflectance varies widely in accordance with wavelength. On the other hand, the transmittance is nearly zero in the wavelength range of 6 μm and above.

Considering the transmittance and reflectance for light of wavelength 4 μm, the transmittance is 0.2 (in other words, 20%), and the reflectance is 0.5 (in other words, 50%). Considering the transmittance and reflectance for light of wavelength 12 μm, the transmittance is nearly 0 (0%), and the reflectance is about 0.43 (43%).

Considering these spectral characteristics, the first wavelength λ1 described above can be set to 4 μm, and the second wavelength λ2 can be set to 12 μm. In this case, if the film thickness of the first light-absorbing layer 270 can be 3 μm, for example, then the film thickness of the second light-absorbing layer 272 can be 1 μm, for example.

When alumina having the spectral characteristics shown in FIG. 2A is used as the material for the thermal transfer member 260, about 50% of the light having wavelengths of the first wavelength λ1 (=4 μm) contained in the incident light is reflected by the thermal transfer member 260 that is formed from alumina, and about 20% of light having a wavelength of the first wavelength λ1 (=4 μm) contained in the incident light passes through the thermal transfer member 260.

The light of wavelength λ1 that has passed through the thermal transfer member 260 reaches the support member (membrane) 215 and is reflected at the surface thereof, then moves upwards towards the second light-absorbing layer 272, where some of this light is reflected at the top surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 (interface between the atmosphere and the second light-absorbing layer 272) and is directed downwards again. In this manner, resonance can arise at wavelength λ1 in the first optical resonator.

In addition, about 43% of the light of wavelength λ2 (=12 μm) contained in the incident light is reflected by the thermal transfer member 260 (almost no transmitted light), and the reflected light moves upwards through the second light-absorbing layer 272. Some of this light is reflected at the top surface of the second light-absorbing layer 272 (interface between the atmosphere and the second light-absorbing layer 272), and is again directed downwards. In this manner, resonance can be made to arise at wavelength λ2 in the second optical resonator.

As a result of the generation of optical resonance as described above, the effective light absorption in the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272 can be increased.

As shown in FIG. 2B, the wavelength range in which the thermal detector has detection sensitivity can be increased. FIG. 2B is a diagram showing an example of the detection sensitivity of a thermal detector for a case in which two optical resonators are constituted. In the example shown in FIG. 2B, the resonance peak P1 produced by the first optical resonator appears at wavelength λ1 (e.g., λ1=4 μm), and the resonance peak P2 produced by the second optical resonator appears at wavelength λ2 (e.g., λ2=12 μm). By synthesizing these peak characteristics, the detection sensitivity P3 of the thermal detector 200 is widened. In other words, a thermal detector 200 is realized that has detection sensitivity over a broad range of wavelengths. Similar effects can be obtained when aluminum nitride (AlN) is used as the material for the thermal transfer member 260.

In this manner, in accordance with the thermal detector of this embodiment, the heat that is generated at locations distant from the heat-detecting element can be efficiently and rapidly collected in the pyroelectric capacitor 230 that is used as the heat-detecting element through the thermal collecting portion FL of the thermal transfer member (thermal transfer layer) 260. In addition, by utilizing interference between light wavelengths (optical resonance), it is possible to increase the effective absorption of light at the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272. It is also possible to widen the wavelength range in which the thermal detector has detection sensitivity.

Thermal Detector Manufacturing Method

The thermal detector manufacturing method is described below with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5. First, FIGS. 3A to 3E will be discussed. FIGS. 3A to 3E are diagrams that show the steps of the thermal detector manufacturing method up until formation of the first light-absorbing layer.

In the step shown in FIG. 3A, a silicon substrate (which may have elements such as transistors) is prepared, and a structure 100 including an insulating layer (e.g., a multilayer wiring structure) is formed on the silicon substrate 10. An etching stopper film 130 a is then formed on the structure 100 including the insulating layer, and a sacrificial layer (e.g., an SiO₂ layer) 101 is then formed.

In the step of FIG. 3B, an etching stopper film 130 b is formed on the sacrificial layer 101. Next, a thick film that will serve as the support member (membrane) 215 (e.g., a thick film composed of a three-layer laminated film) is formed.

In the step of FIG. 3C, the support member (membrane) 215 is laminated with the lower electrode (first electrode) 234, the pyroelectric material layer (PZT layer) 232, and the upper electrode (second electrode) 236, forming the pyroelectric capacitor 230 serving as the heat-detecting element. At this time, the lower electrode (first electrode) 234 of the pyroelectric capacitor 230 is formed so as to have an extending portion RX that extends on the support member (membrane) 215.

The method for forming the pyroelectric capacitor 230, for example, can be an atomic layer CVD method. Next, the insulating layer 250 is formed so that it covers the pyroelectric capacitor 230. The insulating layer 250 can be formed, for example, by a CVD method. Next, the insulating layer 250 is patterned.

In the step of FIG. 3D, the first contact hole 252 is formed in the insulating layer 250 that covers the pyroelectric capacitor 230, and a metal material layer is then deposited, whereupon the metal material layer is patterned in order to form the electrode (and wiring) 226 that connects with the upper electrode (second electrode) 236. In the step of FIG. 3D, wiring (not shown in) and an electrode that connects to the lower electrode (first electrode) are formed together.

In the step of FIG. 3E, the first light-absorbing layer (e.g., SiO₂ layer) 270 is formed by a CVD method. Next, this surface is planarized by, for example, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).

FIGS. 4A to 4C are diagrams illustrating the principal steps in the method for producing the thermal detector, until the patterning of the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer. In the step of FIG. 4A, a second contact hole 254 is formed in the first light-absorbing layer 270. A thermal transfer member (heat transfer layer) 260 is then formed by the subsequent deposition and patterning of a material that has high thermal conductivity and optical transparency, such as aluminum oxide (alumina: AlO_(x)), or aluminum nitride (AlN). The thermal transfer member 260 possesses a thermal collecting portion FL and a connecting portion CN. The second contact hole 254 is filled in with alumina or another material. The portion 228 that is filled in with the alumina or other material constitutes the connecting portion CN. The light-reflecting layer 235 and the thermal collecting portion FL of the heat transfer member 260 are disposed in parallel with each other.

In the step of FIG. 4B, a material layer that will form the second light-absorbing layer (e.g., SiO₂ layer) is deposited and patterned on the first light-absorbing layer 270. As a result, the second light-absorbing layer 272 is formed. In the step of FIG. 4C, the first light-absorbing layer 270 is patterned.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are diagrams that show the steps up to completion of the thermal detector in the thermal detector manufacturing method. In the step of FIG. 5A, the support member (membrane) 215 is patterned. As a result, the mounting part 210, the first arm part 212 a, and the second arm part 212 b are formed. In FIG. 5A, the reference symbol OP is used for the portions that are removed by patterning (openings).

In the step of FIG. 5B, the sacrificial layer 101 is selectively removed by, for example, wet etching. As a result, the cavity (thermal isolation cavity) 102 is formed. The mounting part 210 of the support member 215 is separated from the base part (substrate 10, structure 100 including insulating layer, and etching stopper film 130 a) by the cavity 102. Consequently, release of heat through the support member 215 is inhibited. The thermal detector is completed in this manner.

Embodiment 2

Referring now to FIG. 6, a thermal detector in accordance Embodiment 2 will now be explained. In view of the similarity between the first and second embodiments, the parts of the second embodiment that are similar or identical to the parts of the first embodiment will be given the same reference numerals as the parts of the first embodiment. Moreover, the descriptions of the parts of the second embodiment that are identical to the parts of the first embodiment may be omitted for the sake of brevity.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing another example of the thermal detector. With the thermal detector 200 shown in FIG. 6, the cavity 102 is formed for each individual heat-detecting element, and the support member (membrane) 215 is supported by the structure (part of the base part) that surrounds the cavity 102. In addition, a circuit constituent element (in this case, a MOS transistor) is formed in the region overlapping the heat-detecting element as seen in plan view. This MOS transistor is connected via multilayer wiring to the pyroelectric capacitor 230 that is used as the heat-detecting element. In the example of FIG. 6, the thermal transfer member 260 is utilized as wiring.

Specifically, a source layer (S) and a drain layer (D) are formed in the substrate (silicon substrate) 10. In addition, a gate insulating film INS and a gate electrode G (e.g., a polysilicon gate electrode) are formed on the substrate 10. As a result, a MOS transistor that serves as the circuit constituent element is formed.

The structure 100 including the insulating layer is formed on the substrate 10. The base (base) is constituted by the substrate 10 and the structure 100 including the insulating layer.

The structure 100 including the insulating layer is constituted by a multilayered structure, more specifically, a multilayer wiring structure. The multilayer wiring structure comprises a first insulating layer 100 a, a second insulating layer 100 b, a third insulating layer 100 c, a first contact plug CP1, a first layer wiring M1, a second contact plug CP2, a second layer wiring M2, and a third contact plug CP3. Part of the third insulating layer 100 c is selectively removed to form the cavity (thermal isolation cavity part) 102.

The pyroelectric capacitor 230 is formed as the heat-detecting element on the mounting part 210 of the support member (membrane) 215. In addition, the thermal transfer member 260 is formed between the first light-absorbing layer 270 and the second light-absorbing layer 272.

The element structure 160 is constituted by the support member (membrane) 215, the pyroelectric capacitor 230, the first light-absorbing layer 270, the second light-absorbing layer 272, the thermal transfer member 260, a fourth contact plug CP4, a third layer wiring M3, and a fifth contact plug CP5. As described above, the thermal transfer member 260 also functions as part of the wiring that connects the pyroelectric capacitor 230 that is used as the heat-detecting element to the other elements (in this case, a CMOS transistor that is formed on the substrate 10).

Specifically, as described above, the thermal transfer member 260 can be constituted by a metal compound such as AlN or AlO_(x), but because materials having metals as primary components also have favorable electrical conductivity, the thermal transfer member 260 can also be utilized as wiring (or part of the wiring) that connects the heat-detecting element to other elements. By using the thermal transfer member 260 as wiring, it is not necessary to provide separate wiring, and the production steps can be simplified.

Thermal Detection Device

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram that shows an example of a circuit configuration for the thermal detector (thermo-optical detection array) including the thermal detector according to any of the illustrated embodiments. In the example of FIG. 7, a plurality of photodetecting cells (specifically, thermal detectors 200 a to 200 d) are disposed two-dimensionally. In order to select single photodetecting cells from among the plurality of photodetecting cells (thermal detectors 200 a to 200 d), scan lines (W1 a, W1 b, etc.) and data lines (D1 a, D1 b, etc.) are provided.

The thermal detector 200 a that serve as a single photodetecting cell has an element-selection transistor M1 a and a piezoelectric capacitor ZC that serves as the thermo-optical detecting element 5. The potential relationship of the two poles of the piezoelectric capacitor ZC can be inverted by switching the potential that is applied to PDr1 (by inverting this potential, it is not necessary to provide a mechanical chopper). Other photodetecting cells are similarly configured.

The potential of the data line D1 a can be initialized by turning on a reset transistor M2. When reading a detection signal, the read transistor M3 is ON. The current that is generated as a result of the pyroelectric effect is converted to voltage by an I/V conversion circuit 510, amplified by an amplifier 600, and converted to digital data by an A/D converter 700.

In this embodiment, a plurality of thermal detectors is disposed two-dimensionally (for example, disposed in the form of an array along two respective perpendicular axes (X-axis and Y-axis)), thereby realizing a thermal detection device (thermal-type optical array sensor).

Electronic Instrument

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of an electronic instrument. Examples of the electronic instrument include an infrared sensor device, a thermographic device, and an on-board automotive night-vision camera or surveillance camera.

As shown in FIG. 8, the electronic instrument comprises an optical system 400, a sensor device 410 (corresponding to the thermal detector 200 in the previous embodiment), an image processing part 420, a processing part 430, a memory component 440, an operation component 450, and a display part 460. The electronic instrument of this embodiment is not restricted to the configuration of FIG. 8, and various modified embodiment are possible in which some of the constituent elements (e.g., the optical system, operational, part, or display part) are omitted and other constituent elements are added.

The optical system 400 includes one or a plurality of lenses and driving parts for driving these lenses. Imaging and the like of the subject is carried out on the sensor device 410. In addition, focus adjustment may be carried out as necessary.

The sensor device 410 has a configuration in which the photodetectors of the embodiments described above are laid out two-dimensionally, and a plurality of lines (scan lines (or word lines)) and a plurality of columns (data lines) are provided. The sensor device 410 can also comprise line selection circuits (line drivers), a read circuit for reading data from the photodetectors via the columns, an A/D converter, and the like, in addition to the photodetectors that are laid out two-dimensionally. Because data is sequentially read from photodetectors that are laid out two-dimensionally, a captured image of the subject can be processed.

Based on the digital image data (pixel data) from the sensor device 410, the image processing part 420 carries out various image processing operations such as image correction processing. The image processing part 420 corresponds to the control part that processes the output of the sensor device 410 (thermal detector 200). The processing part 430 carries out control of the respective elements of the electronic instrument and overall control of the electronic instrument. This processing part 430 is realized, for example, in a CPU or the like. The memory component 440 stores various types of information, and, for example, functions as a work space for the processing part 430 or the image processing part 420. The operation component 450 is used as an interface for a user to operate the electronic instrument and can be worked, for example, in the form of various buttons, a GUI (graphical user interface) screen, or the like.

The display part 460 displays the GUI screen, images that have been captured by the sensor device 410, and the like, and is worked in the form of various types of displays, such as a liquid crystal display or organic EL display.

By using the thermal detector of a single cell as a sensor such as an infrared light sensor in this manner and by disposing the thermal detector of each cell along two perpendicular axes, a sensor device (thermo-optical detecting device) 410 can be configured. When this is done, a thermal (light) distribution image can be captured. By using this sensor device 410, it is possible to configure an electronic instrument such as a thermographic device, or an on-board automotive night-vision camera or surveillance camera.

As described previously, the thermal detector according to the present invention has high light detection sensitivity. Thus, the performance of the electronic instrument in which the thermal detector is mounted is increased.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing another example of the configuration of the electronic instrument. The electronic instrument 800 of FIG. 9 comprises a thermal detector 200 and an acceleration detection element 503 which are mounted in a sensor unit 600. The sensor unit 600 also can carry a gyro sensor or the like. Various types of physical quantities can be measured by the sensor unit 600. The various detection signals that are output from the sensor unit 600 are processed by a CPU 700. The CPU 700 corresponds to the control part for processing the output of the thermal detector 200.

As described above, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present invention, for example, the detection sensitivity of a thermal detector can be dramatically improved.

In addition, in the embodiments described above, although a pyroelectric capacitor is used as the heat-detecting element, a thermopile element or bolometer element may be used instead.

In addition, in the embodiments described above, an infrared detector that detects infrared light is used as an example of a thermal detector. However, it will be apparent from this disclosure that the thermal detector according to the present invention may be configured and arranged to detect other type of light such as terahertz light, for example.

In addition, in the embodiments described above, an infrared detector that detects infrared light is used as an example of a thermal detector. However, it will be apparent from this disclosure that the thermal detector according to the present invention may be configured and arranged to detect other type of light such as terahertz light, for example.

GENERAL INTERPRETATION OF TERMS

In understanding the scope of the present invention, the term “comprising” and its derivatives, as used herein, are intended to be open ended terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps, but do not exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers and/or steps. The foregoing also applies to words having similar meanings such as the terms, “including”, “having” and their derivatives. Also, the terms “part,” “section,” “portion,” “member” or “element” when used in the singular can have the dual meaning of a single part or a plurality of parts. Also as used herein to describe the above embodiments, the following directional terms “top”, “bottom”, “upper”, “lower”, “forward”, “rearward”, “above”, “downward”, “vertical”, “horizontal”, “below” and “transverse” as well as any other similar directional terms refer to those directions of the thermal detector when the thermal detector is oriented as shown in FIG. 1B. Finally, terms of degree such as “substantially”, “about” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. For example, these terms can be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.

While only selected embodiments have been chosen to illustrate the present invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that various changes and modifications can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, the foregoing descriptions of the embodiments according to the present invention are provided for illustration only, and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. All modifications such as described above may be understood to fall within the scope of the invention. Terms disclosed together with different equivalent or broader terms in at least one instance in the specification or drawings, for example, may be replaced by these different terms at any place in the specification or drawings. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A thermal detector manufacturing method comprising: forming a structure including an insulating layer on a surface of a substrate; forming a sacrificial layer on the structure including the insulating layer; forming a support member on the sacrificial layer; forming on the support member a heat-detecting element having a structure in which a pyroelectric material layer is disposed between a lower electrode and an upper electrode, the lower electrode having an extending portion extending around the pyroelectric material layer as seen in plan view, and the extending portion having light-reflecting properties by which arriving light is reflected; forming a first light-absorbing layer so as to cover the heat-detecting element, and planarizing the first light-absorbing layer; forming a contact hole in a portion of the first light-absorbing layer, subsequently forming a material layer which is thermally conductive and optically transmissive at least with respect to light of a prescribed wavelength, and patterning the material layer to form a thermal transfer member having a connecting portion that connects to the heat-detecting element and a thermal collecting portion having a surface area greater than that of the connecting portion as seen in plan view; forming a second light-absorbing layer on the first light-absorbing layer; patterning the first light-absorbing layer and the second light-absorbing layer; patterning the support member; and removing the sacrificial layer to form a cavity between the support member and the structure including the insulating layer formed on the surface of the substrate.
 2. The thermal detector manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the forming of the first light absorbing layer includes forming the first light-absorbing layer on the support member around the heat-detecting element.
 3. The thermal detector manufacturing method according to claim 2, wherein the forming of the first light absorbing layer includes forming the first light-absorbing layer so as to be contacting the thermal transfer member and disposed between the thermal transfer member and the extending portion of the lower electrode of the heat-detecting element, and the forming of the second light-absorbing layer includes forming the second light-absorbing layer so as to be contacting the thermal transfer member and disposed on the thermal transfer member.
 4. The thermal detector manufacturing method according to claim 3, further comprising forming a first optical resonator for a first wavelength between a surface of the extending portion of the lower electrode and an upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer, and forming a second optical resonator for a second wavelength that is different from the first wavelength between a lower surface of the second light-absorbing layer and the upper surface of the second light-absorbing layer.
 5. The thermal detector manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal transfer member also serves as wiring that electrically connects the heat-detecting element to another element.
 6. The thermal detector manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal detector is configured and arranged to detect infrared light.
 7. The thermal detector manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the thermal detector is configured and arranged to detect terahertz light. 